Athar Alrafedain

The research aims, as appears from its title, to study an important and prominent aspect of the leadership personality of the kings of Assyria. The nature of its features and dimensions are embodied in the contents of the speeches of the kings of the Sargonic dynasty and their 
immortal exploits in managing the relationships of their vast kingdom and addressing its various issues with a high level of wisdom and acumen that aims to look with insight and contemplation. In the depths of matters and their details, extrapolating events, studying them, extracting experiences from them, and judging them. Every statement or discourse that called for an honor, an exhortation, a reminder, a censure, or a prohibition against an ugly act represented one of the aspects of wisdom they had in cultivating souls, achieving justice, acting upon it, and arranging matters toward their correctness. Proceeding from this vision, the study came to investigate the manifestations of wisdom in the sayings of these kings and their correspondence, and to know its dimensions by standing at some of their behaviors and knowing the truth of their policies in managing their kingdom.

There are many Akkadian texts from the ancient Babylonian period mentioning a country called “Yassan”, located in northern Mesopotamia. It is not well known in recent studies, and where it’s located, what is its geographical framework, who governed it, and what is the nature of its relationship with the contemporary political entities neighboring it? This is the problem that the research aimed to clarify; Depending on the available textual evidence.
It became clear that Yassan is the name of a country on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, north of the town of Tal Afar, west of Mosul, which played an important role in the conflicts and alliances that arose in the region of Syrian Jazīra and Mount Sinjar, during the reign of Zimri-Lim king of Mari, and after the collapse of the Kingdom of Mari, and the division of the region into many small political entities.
The research traces the history of the country during the 18th century B.C., during the reign of two kings in Razama (North), which was its capital, and they are known in the texts of Mari, Šubat-Enlil and Qaṭṭara, and it shows the nature of its relations with the neighboring political forces, as well as distant ones such as the Kingdom of Yamḫad / Ḫalab "Aleppo" which her king (Ḫammurabi) had begun to gain loyalists, and extend his influence in those areas, and trying to precede the expansion of the influence of Ḫammurabi king of Babylon there.

School texts are texts that go back to the early Sumerian and Babylonian eras، and they come in second place in terms of the clay tablets discovered، and they include a group of texts that were prepared to teach beginners reading and writing and to introduce them to the Sumerian and Akkadian languages، and it includes lists of the cuneiform signs in the Akkadian and Sumerian languages. School texts do not include cuneiform disc-shaped texts only، but there are many forms of school texts، as they can be rectangular، square or circular، and some of them are organized and divided into several columns and others are randomly written، and they have different sizes as well، and the shape of the text may indicate its content There are school texts that are difficult for researchers to differentiate between them and other texts، as they are made with great care and attention، and are written in elegant and well-executed cuneiform script.
     As for the contents of the texts، they are multiple، they may contain repeated signs or words for the purpose of learning to write the cuneiform script only، and they may contain lexical texts that facilitate the student's translation of texts from Sumerian to Akkadian and vice versa، and these lists may represent more than just copying or memorization، as each stage One of the stages of lexical education serves an educational purpose. School texts may include literary letters and texts such as proverbs and hymns، artistic texts for singers، and legal texts such as learning to write commercial contracts، and they may contain legal texts such as mathematical and engineering exercises and others.

One of the most important turning points that resulted in the achievements of man and human civilization in history, is first, the great climate change that occurred when the last glacial retreat began about 18,000 years ago, with the Middle Stone Age approximately. Secondly, the stage of man’s transition from gathering food to producing food, which is one of the most important steps that man has taken on his way to stability in the lifestyle thousands of years ago, and because of its importance, researchers called it the Neolithic Revolution.
After the great change in the climate in the Near East region, human's confrontation with their new environment and trying to adapt to it constituted one of the most important challenges that man had to face, to ensure survival. And then this challenge led to the most important human discoveries, which are attempts to domesticate and agriculture: they began with attempts to grow grain, then succeeded little by little and became stable agriculture and led to the emergence of agricultural settlements, and this is mainly the content of adaptation. Because of the importance of that stage of human life in which writing was still non-existent and unknown, it was addressed by researchers from several aspects, and in light of archaeological evidence in terms of architectural styles, the development of stone tools, and pottery products (in terms of the accuracy of industry and techniques used), as well as Important studies were conducted on plant and animal remains, and other studies on the human lifestyle in the period following the discovery of agriculture.
Despite the aforementioned studies on the archaeological remains, which revealed the many facades of life in Mesopotamia during that stage, the visual picture of the manifestations of adaptation to life and the extent of human harmony with natural phenomena in light of stability in that period, remains an important part to complement what His image is research and studies. Fortunately, the images and scenes painted on pottery from the late Neolithic and Metallic Age serve us, which by studying and analyzing them we aim to see the reflection of the reality of man's interaction and adaptation with his natural environment. Thus, our models come from pottery scenes from the region of Mesopotamia (Iraq and Syria) in the time frame that starts from the period of Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf and Ubaid, and finally some models from the era of Warka and Jemda-Nasr, and these are the models that carry the elements that serve the objectives of the research. One of the objectives of the research is also to track the developments that occurred in these inscriptions, which later became elements of the first and oldest models of writing in history, cuneiform writing, from its pictorial stage, and this confirms more that the elements and symbols of writing are rooted in pottery inscriptions from preceding eras. We use some scenes on pottery models from present-day Iran and Turkey for the purpose of comparison.

The architecture in ancient Iraq has been taking care of the architecture of the ziggurat building and the renewal of its construction، as it is one of the most important religious buildings within the religious architecture that occupies the centers of the ancient Iraqi cities، as the ancient Iraqi society preserved it in its form and architectural identity that reflects its religious thought through time. From this، the research focused on the study of architecture and engineering treatments that became as a new technology within the stages of building the structural construction of the new ziggurat buildings in the centers of the ancient Iraqi cities.

The Assyrian kings paid great attention to irrigation and cultivation. The irrigation projects were one of the important achievements of the Assyrian kings, which contributed greatly to supporting the population and urban expansion of the Assyrian cities. The water canal established by King Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 BC) in the city of Nimrud is an important project. The purpose of this canal was to permanently irrigate the agricultural lands in the Nimrud plain in addition to establishing orchards.
This research deals with the details of irrigation and cultivation based on the information from the cuneiform texts as with physical evidence and archaeological surveys.
 

polysemy and homonymy are one of many phenomena which happen in some languages if not all، Syriac language had a Characteristics thing among the Semitic languages. that happened in conjugation verbs with different cases and different tenses، it is very important in common، polysemy mean one-word with two or more meanings; We will shed light on this phenomenon and what was stated in the differences of opinion، will include several axes in which we deal with the phenomenon in Subscriber identity verbal language and idiomatically، followed by the hadith in defining the verb in the verb in Syriac، and then we will go into the conjugation of these verbs and explain how the polysemy comes is in the verb.

The police stations or military stations used for guarding, to maintain border security. The emergence of the police station is relatively recent, as it has been linked to the emergence of the coast guard, and the use of the police station is in desert areas, cities, villages, borders, and near the coasts of the seas and the banks of rivers.
        The police station played a prominent role in the various eras that passed in Iraq, and their role became evident in the first half of the twentieth century, especially in the thirties of the aforementioned century as they represented the foundations of the imposition of power, hegemony and the presence of the state in the cities and tribal areas that used to revolt and rebel against the central authority for various reasons related to poor services and poor health conditions.

What is the history of human habitation on earth in the Torah? Did the Torah specify a time for that? To answer, we say that talking about the time of the earth’s habitation is a thorny and sprawling topic, because of the multiple theories that have been put forward and discussed on this topic, whether by geologists, archaeologists, history or religions, but this research deals with (a new answer based on a new hypothesis that adopted the Book of Genesis: a major source to the hypothesis is associated with determining the time of the Prophet Ibrahim Al-Khalil, peace be upon him). Where our aim is to delve into what the predecessors neglected about the ages of the prophets mentioned in the Book of Genesis, in its two parts, the young and old ages), putting the majority of our study and its answer on what was mentioned in the Book of Genesis, the eighth edition issued by Dar Al-Mashreq in Beirut) and its parallels in the Bible and the Holy Qur’an as required by the study of indications, while fixing the observations and questions that may be raised on such a type of hypothesis, discussing them and linking them to archaeological studies, interpretations and resources specialized in the subject, a scientific interpretation (may) open a new horizon for reconsidering the biblical codes far from any ideology or theory that tries to find justifications applicable to our current era However, it does not correspond to the age of the Torah.

Tell Basmosian, Tell Al-Daim, and Tell Asfour are among the locations in which the (Hurrians) people settled there and they had an architectural and economic imprint in it in the middle of the second millennium B.C.
And because of the closeness of this location to the kingdom of (Arabkha) as well as the city of (Nuzi) which is affiliated with it and from the architectural remains that it was found in these locations, as it was revealed after studying it by specialists in the social, economic, religious and political life of these peoples.
And for the lack of information about these people, we decided to study their architecture by selecting four samples that the study tackled، including the Basmosian Temples and architectural remains of resident houses in Al-Daim Tell and Defensive wall as well as some houses in Asfour Tell.