@article { author = {Aljbori, Ali}, title = {Ashurbanipal Library: Past and Present}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {2-19}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.2020.164532}, abstract = {Ashurbanipal’s Library considered one of the ancient library in the ancient world till now. What has been discovered approximately 30000 tablet and broken pieces by Layard and his followers in the palace of Ashurbanipal and his grandfather’s , Sennacherib palace and Nabu temple. All of them kept in the British Museum. Tese tablets are: royal corresponding, medical , astronomy, astrology , literature etc… Since 2000 , Mosul university initiate project called “ The revival of Ashurbanipal’s Library”  on the its campus. This project contsist three main building , the library, service building and college of Archaeology . This project still undergo.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {مکتبة آشوربانیبال: الماضی والحاضر}, abstract_ar = {تعد مکتبة اشوربانیبال من اقدم المکتبات المکتشفة فی العالم القدیم حتى الوقت الحاضر . ما تم اکتشافه من قبل لیارد ومن خلفه فی قصر اشوربانیبال وقصر جده سنحاریب إضافة الى معبد نابو  بحدود ٣٠٠٠٠ نص ومحفوظة فی المتحف البریطانی  وکسرة . ضمت نصوص المکتبة على مختلف النصوص الملکیة والأدبیة والطبیة والفلکیة الخ... ساهمت جامعة الموصل  ومنذ عام ٢٠٠٠ باحیاء مشروع مکتبة اشور بانیبال  على ارضها  وذلک بإقامة صرح کبیر باسمها  ویظم ثلاثة ابنیة ، المکتبة وقاعات المؤتمرات والاجنحة البحثیة  مع بناء لکلیة الاثار . لا یزال المشروع قید البناء.}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164532.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164532_0a21dce3c9662b88a7874b28cb8d3430.pdf} } @article { author = {Saeed, Safwan}, title = {The Military Failure of Assyrian Kings}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {20-49}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164548}, abstract = {This research tackles one of the important political aspects in Assyria further to its characteristic as an evidence enables us to recognize the genuine dimensions which led to the exhaustion of the Assyrian military mechanism and finally the collapse of Nineveh in 612B.C. It has become quite clear through the induction and analysis of Assyrian royal annals further to the cuneiform documents related to the nations who simultaneously lived with the Assyrians that several direct and indirect evidences can throw some light on the real shortcomings the Assyrian kings suffered in their foreign affairs and their military campaigns. This is, in deed, related to several reasons which have been thoroughly tackled in the present paper. The present research is divided into two main parts:                 Part one shows the indirect evidences of the above mentioned shortcomings which are embodied in the repeated allegations of false triumphs added to the exaggerations with regard to showing foes'' casualties. These exaggerations have been proved as supernatural after the induction of the political development added to what have been referred to by posterior monarchs that contradicts with the ancestral annals. In addition to the crystal clear contradiction with regard to the supernatural allegations of foes'' casualties found in monarchical annals of same content.                 Part two tackles the direct evidences of the above mentioned shortcoming, and this part is subdivided into two subdivisions:                 The first shows the evidences of political failure which are embodied in the disobedience of some petty states and kingdoms which were under the leverage of the Assyrian kings.                 The second shows the military shortcomings found in the Assyrian texts added to the texts of peoples who defied the Assyrian leverage and military aggrandizements in the region. Furthermore, the military shortcomings are classified in the light of the Assyrian'' attacks from one hand and the nations they invaded on the other.  }, keywords = {}, title_ar = {اخفاقات ملوک بلاد اشور العسکریة}, abstract_ar = {یتناول البحث دراسة لأحد الجوانب السیاسیة المهمة فی بلاد آشور ودلیل لمعرفة الأبعاد الحقیقیة التی أدت فی نهایة المطاف إلى إنهاک ماکنة الحرب الآشوریة وسقوط نینوى عام 612ق.م، إذ بات من المؤکد من استقراء الحولیات الملکیة الآشوریة وتحلیل مضامینها، فضلاً عن ما ورد فی بعض نصوص الأقوام المعاصرة لبلاد آشور إن هناک جملة من الأدلة النصیة المباشرة وغیر المباشرة أمکننا تشخیصها تفصح عن إخفاقات عاناها الملوک الآشوریون فی سیاساتهم الخارجیة ومنازلاتهم العسکریة لأسباب تطرقنا إلیها بشیء من التفصیل فی متن البحث، إذ قسم البحث إلى محورین أساسیین یمثل الأول عرض أدلة الإخفاق غیر المباشرة والمتمثلة فی ظاهرة الإدعاء بالنصر وقهر الأعداء فضلاً عن بیان المبالغة فی ذکر خسائر الأعداء البشریة، وهی سمة تجاوزت الحقیقة فی ذلک تبعاً لاستقراء تطور الأحداث السیاسیة فی بلاد آشور، وطبقاً لما ورد على لسان الملوک الأبناء والأحفاد المنافیة لحقیقة ما ورد فی حولیات آبائهم الملوک فضلاً عن التناقض الواضح فی بیان خسائر الأعداء البشریة فی النصوص الملکیة ذات المضمون الواحد، فی حین تناول المحور الثانی عرضاً لأدلة الإخفاق المباشرة، إذ قسم هذا المحور إلى شطرین تناول الأول منه أدلة الإخفاق السیاسی والمتمثلة فی امتناع عدد من المدن والممالک التابعة للنفوذ الآشوری عن تقدیم الإتاوة لملوک بلاد آشور، فی حین خصص الشطر الثانی لبیان الإخفاقات العسکریة وهذا ما أمکننا نلمسه فی النصوص الآشوریة ذاتها فضلاً عن بعض نصوص الأقوام التی تصدت لنفوذ الآشوریین  وتوسعاتهم العسکریة فی المنطقة إذ قسمت أدلة الإخفاقات العسکریة تبعاً للجهات والأقوام التی حاربوها. }, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164548.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164548_a824ab46349087b70db9fa2fef5a93dd.pdf} } @article { author = {Aljuboori, Salim}, title = {Hamzah in the Akkadian language}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {50-70}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164549}, abstract = {Phonetics is regarded as one of the most important aspects of the Akkadian language through which the explanation and analysis of human sounds can be known. This is achieved by studying the origin of words and the changes that happened to these sounds, the explanation of  their place of articulation, and their properties. Hence, phonetics has become of great importance in structuring the syntactic and morphological features of speech in all languages. Because the glottal catch (Hamza) has many difficulties and complications in written and spoken forma, this research aims at shedding light on this sound. It is more complicated in Akkadian language , because both this language and its speakers are dead. However, the linguistic proximity between this language and Arabic shows that hamza wasil and hamza badil  occurred through the transformation  of guttural sounds (هــ ، ع، ح ، غ) into  glottal catch. A special sign for ( خ )  is used; it sometimes keeps itself, and at other times, it becomes glottal stop according to it speakers. It is affirmed in this research that the guttural sounds which took the shape of glottal stop have been pronounced according to the place of articulation. It was ignored by Akkadian writers, and they truly recorded their language. Actually, they followed the reductive system of Cuneiform signs, which is part of the reductive and derivative system known in old languages. The reader can discover this through the close reading of the research.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {الهمزة فی اللغة الاکدیة}, abstract_ar = {یعد علم الصوت من ابواب اللغة الاکدیة المهمة التی من خلالها یتم معرفة الأصوات الإنسانیة شرحاً وتحلیلاً ویجری ذلک من خلال البحث عن أصول المفردات والتغییرات التی طرأت على تلک الحروف وبیان مخارجها وصفاتها لذا فأن علم الصوت أصبح له أهمیة فی ترکیب الکلام ، بنحوه وصرفه وکیفیة خدمته فی بنیة کلمات وتراکیب الجمل فی أی لغة من لغات العالم ، ولأن صوت الهمزة فی اللغة العربیة لا یخلو من صعوبة وتعقیدات فی لفظه وکتابته ارتئینا أن نسلط الضوء علیه لکن فی اللغة الاکدیة والتی یکون الأمر فیها اکثر صعوبة وتعقیداً کون الاخیرة قد مات اهلها والناطقین بها، إلا أن القرب اللغوی بین العربیة و الاکدیة بین لنا ان هناک همزة أصل وأخرى بدل جاءت من ابدال الاصوات الحلقیة( هــ ، ع ، ح ، غ ) الى همزة ، فی حین خصص لصوت الخاء علامة مستقلة تارة تحافظ على نفسها وتارة تسقط وتتحول الى همزة تبعاً للأقوام الناطقین بها وبهذا فقد أکدنا من خلال بحثنا أن الاصوات الحلقیة التی اخذت شکل الهمزة کتابة قد لفظت حسب مخرجها ولفظها وبهذا فهی لم تهمل من الکتبة الاکدیین ولم یلحقهم قصور فی تدوین لغتهم بل أنهم اتبعوا نظام اختزال العلامات المسماریة وهو جزء من نظام الاختزال والاشتقاق المعروف فی اللغات القدیمة ویمکن للقارئ أن یجد ذلک من خلال قراءته المتأنیة للبحث.}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164549.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164549_2e300eb6f6be315cd0ba70ecb6b51e81.pdf} } @article { author = {AL-Hadeedy, Ahmad}, title = {The Assyrian Army and Water Obstacle (911- 612 B C)}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {71-92}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164550}, abstract = {Research highlights the ability of troops Assyrian to overcome the water Obstacle in his different fights, as it fought bravely and achieved victories over the armies of his contemporary, thanks to its highly sophisticated devices at the time, helped him to cross the water bodies like the two rivers presidents of the Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries as well as the waters of the marshes and swamps in southern Iraq, the battles occurred, then the victories have been achieved for the benefit of the Assyrian army as it is written in the news Assyrian kings(911-612 BC.).}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {الجیش االشوری والعوائق المائیة ( 911-612 ق.م)}, abstract_ar = {یبرز البحث قدرة القوات الاشوریة على تجاوز العوائق المائیة فی معارکه المختلفة اذ قاتل بشجاعة فائقة وحقق الانتصارات على الجیوش المعاصرة له بفضل ما یمتلکه من اسلحة ومعدات متطورة انذاک ساعدته على عبور المسطحات المائیة کالنهرین الرئیسیین دجلة والفرات وروافدهما فضلا عن میاه الاهوار والمستنقعات فی جنوب العراق فدارت المعارک ثم تحققت الانتصارات لصالح الجیش الاشوری کما هو مدون فی اخبار الملوک الاشوریین ( 911-612 ق.م. )}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164550.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164550_0d4e328a78870cbbd18dc775cb56fd60.pdf} } @article { author = {Al-Naimi, Vian}, title = {Roofing Styles and Their Development in the Buildings of Mosul City during the Islamic Ages}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {93-114}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164551}, abstract = {The research aims at shedding light on the most prominent architectural element which is roofing in the buildings of  Mosul city during the Islamic ages. Although the archaeological studies have not ignored this element, our research has dealt with “roofing styles and their development in the buildings of Mosul city during the Islamic ages “. So, the research has been divided into several vocabularies through which we have studied the roofing styles starting from Al-Rashidi age ,Omayyad age to the Al-Athabki age . And it seems that the roofing styles in the buildings of the city illustrate the presence of  Mosuli architect in not only the engineering and planning touches but also in the artistic skill of creating comprehensive constructional space taking into account several affairs like weather, building materials, space wideness and building planning. The research illustrates that the city has been influenced by its cultural heritage attributed to ancient Iraq and to the pre-Islamic conquest .  Throughout the historical texts and the remains of the city , we have noticed the variety and diversity of buildings and their space wideness.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {اسالیب التسقیف وتطورها فی مبانی مدینة الموصل خلال العصور الاسلامیة}, abstract_ar = {      یعد السقف الاهم من بین العناصر العماریة ، وبه یستکمل البناء بفضاءاته للمتلطلبات البیئیة والانشائیة ، وبما ان مبانی مدینة الموصل . قد تنوعت مابین دینیة واداریة ودفاعیة وسکنیة وخدمیة عبر عصورها المختلفة ، وعلى الرغم من تماثل عناصرها العماریة الا انها تباینت فی تخطیطها واحجام فضاءاتها تبعا لاغراضها الوظیفیة . وبالتالی واجه المعمار مشاکل تجسدت بتسقیف تلک المبانی فکان لابد من ایجاد حلول لتغطیة الفضاءات وحسب مساحاتها  . ومن هنا جاء هدف البحث ( اسالیب التسقیف وتطورها فی مبانی مدینة الموصل خلال العصور الاسلامیة) کمحاولة لمعرفة المراحل التی مر بها تسقیف المبانی فی مدینة الموصل منذ بدایة العصر الراشدی ومرورا بالعصر الاموی معتمدین بذلک على ما دونه الرحالة والمؤرخین فی مدوناتهم التاریخیة وما یحد المدینة من مبانی ومدن ضمن اطارها الجغرافی وما تبقى من مبانی شاخصة والتی تبین طرق التسقیف وتنوعها ابتداءا من العصر العباسی وانتهاءا بالعصر الاتابکی .       تناول البحث التسقیف بمعناه اللغوی والاصطلاحی (العماری ) ومن ثم تم التطرق الى اهم العوامل المؤثرة فی شکل السقوف وتنوعها المتمثلة بتخطیط البناء وفضاءاته ومواد البناء ، وبعدها استعرض البحث اسلوب التسقیف منذ بدایة العصر الراشدی وحتى نهایة العصر الاتابکی .      وتبین اثناء البحث ان بدایات البناء وتسقیف المبانی اتسم بالبساطة فی التشکیل العماری واستخدام مواد البناء المحلیة المتوافرة لغایة ان تؤدی تلک الابنیة وظائفها دون تعقید . وقد  تتابعت افکار المعمار وتطورت تبعا لذلک اسالیب التسقیف ، ویعد تخطیط البناء اول عمل یقوم به المعمار ومن شکله یستمد التسقیف مظهره وباختلاف المبانی وتصامیمها من قصور وخانات وحمامات ومساجد وغیرها تطورت نظم التسقیف واسالیبها فکانت السقوف المنحنیة من عقود واقبیة وقباب هی حل توصل له المعمار لتسقیف اجزاء مختلفة من المبانی وحسب مساحته وبشکل یتلائم مع اجزاء البناء . }, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164551.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164551_63daa4c488f4770f99436c483483c6d5.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammad, Othman}, title = {The Style of the Discourse in Neo-Assyrian Letters (911-612) B.C}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {115-133}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164552}, abstract = {The ancient Iraqis created the cuneiform writing five thousand years ago. The excavations provided us with hundreds of thousands of cuneiform texts. In fact, the use of cuneiform lasted for three thousand years. These texts gave us good knowledge in the fields of history, culture and other fields. As for the ancient Iraqi literature. It has been tackled by many translations and studies .Their essential sources are the literary genres such as the epics, legends, incantations and others. It must be mentioned that the literary studies are less than other studies in spite of the large quantity of various cuneiform texts including the letters which are the main topic of our study. The present research concentrates on the study of some of discourse style in letter writing in the Neo-Assyrian period. As it is known that these letters were written in Akkadian with its two dialects namely Neo-Assyrian and NeoBabylonian. These are official letters which represent the official discourse characterized by its declarative features which were highly different from the ordinary discourse. The literary discourse cannot be ignored and it must be studied and well analyzed. This reflected the reality of the history of Ancient Iraq which lasted nearly three centuries (911-612 B.C.).This is the New –Assyrian period. In this research, the letters are classified according to their subject matter such as complaining, sarcasm, praise, satire, threatening, proverb and wisdom. This research is concerned with the rhetorical study through which the verbs can be pointed out linguistically taking into consideration the phonetic aspects. It can also go through psycholinguistics. This can be achieved by examining all the mental activities expressed by these verbs. This is called psycholinguistics which is a branch of psychology that enable us to make a comparison between the cultural heritage of the ancient Iraqis and the present time.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {اسلوب الخطاب فی رسائل من العصر الاشوری الحدیث (911-612 ) ق.م}, abstract_ar = {            ابتکر العراقیون القدماء الکتابة المسماریة قبل أکثر من خمسة آلاف عام ، وقد أمدتنا التنقیبات الآثاریة بمئات الألوف من النصوص المدونة بالخط المسماری ، الذی دام استخدامه فی التدوین بما یقارب من ثلاثة آلاف عام أو یزید ، فأثرتنا هذه النصوص بمعلومات غزیرة من النواحی السیاسیّة و الحضاریة وغیرهما. وفیما یخص جانب الأدب الذی نحن بصدد دراسته ، فقد صدرت العدید من التراجم والدراسات تناولت أدب العراق القدیم , اعتمد اغلبها على نصوص ذات طابع أدبی ، من ملاحم ، وأساطیر ، وصلوات ، وتراتیل ، وغیرها. وعلى الرغم من ذلک تعدّ البحوث الأدبیة البلاغیّة قلیلة مقارنة مع الکم الهائل من النصوص المسماریة المنوعة الأخرى , ومنها الرسائل التی اعتمد علیها البحث .               یهدف البحث لدراسة بعضٌ من أسالیب الخطاب فی رسائل من العصر الآشوری الحدیث ، وکما هو معروف فإن هذه الرسائل  دونت باللغة الأکدیة بلهجتیها الآشوریة الحدیثة والبابلیة الحدیثة ، وهی رسائل رسمیة تمثل خطابا رسمیا تمیز بطابعه الإخباری الذی یختلف عن الخطاب المعتاد بکونه ذا صیغة أدبیة لا یمکن التغافل عنها وترکها من دون دراسة وتحلیل .           وهی تعکس واقعاً لأحداث وقعت فی تاریخ العراق القدیم ، امتد ما یقارب من ثلاثة قرون ( 911 - 612 ق.م ) ،  وهی حقبة العصر الآشوری الحدیث . وصنِّفت الرسائل فی هذا البحث وفق موضوعاتها من شکوى ، تهکُّم ، وعید ، مدح ، هجو ،  انتقاد ،   مَثَل وحکمة.            فهذا بحث یهتم بدراسة بلاغیة ، یمکن عن طریقها تناول أفعال اللغة من الوِجهة اللسانیة عبر فحص شکل الملفوظ ، ویمکن أیضاً تناول الوِجهة النفسیَّة-اللسانیَّة ، وذلک عبر فحص العملیات الذهنیَّة التی تقوم علیها أفعال اللغة وتُعبِّر عنها ، وهذا ما یُسمَّى علم النفس اللسانی ، وهو فرع من فروع علم النفس(1) ، یمکن أن یترتب علیه مقارنة بین الموروث الحضاری للعراقیین القدماء مع الوقت الحاضر.  }, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164552.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164552_b8c9562e540eae176692b9012f43e45b.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdulwahed, Hassanein}, title = {Emphasis in the Akkadian Language}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {134-151}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164553}, abstract = {Emphasis is considered as an important outstanding stylistic phenomenon in the Akkadian language. One can understand the importance of this phenomenon and analyze it to throw some light on its secrets via reading, analyzing, studying, the cuneiform texts written in the Akkadian language and contrasting them with some other Arabite languages. The researcher tackles the relations found in a text in both of its oral and semantic aspects via the analysis of the objectives intended on the part of the addresser when he is forming his message and the addressee''s comprehension of the message which may vary among the cases of showing; attestation, mendacity, denial or hesitation. This, indeed, compels the addresser to form his message in such a way as to be convenient with any of the above mentioned cases. Such object is, indeed, applicable via the use of emphasis on the following levels: ( 1 ) Semantically via the oral repetition of meaning, or ( 2 ) Orally via the use of some utterances indicating assertion, the use of the present form of the verb preceded by a demand, the use of an oath to indicate assertion or the use of an attributive expression to indicate assertion. The second type, i.e., the oral emphasis has been tackled in some details. Generally, the emphasis is divided into the following two main types: First- The Oral Emphasis: This type of emphasis is used to strengthen the speech, confirm it and make the addressee understand without any illusion, ambiguity or oblivion. In this type of emphasis, there is a follower which determines the followed part of the text; i.e., the first utterance that is uttered identically. This style; i.e., the oral emphasis was so common in the Akkadian texts especially those recitative ones in which the above mentioned procedure was unequivocally followed for the sake of the emphasis which creates the effect on the addressee. Second- The Semantic Emphasis : In this type of emphasis, there is a follower which determines the followed part of the text so as to remove the ambiguity and the semantic expansion. This type of emphasis is applicable via the use of some special utterances, sentences containing a present verb preceded by a demand, an oath, attributive expression or the use of an article.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {التوکید فی اللغة الأکدیة}, abstract_ar = {}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164553.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164553_58f3dc06615589a4fbbeeb17cf0d93f2.pdf} } @article { author = {Aljbori, Khalid}, title = {The City of Kȃr-Tukulti-Ninurta in the Light of Excavation Results and Cuneiform Resources}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {152-176}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164554}, abstract = {In his city Kȃr-Tukulti-Ninurta, King Tukulti-Ninurta I established palaces, temples, and a ziggurat. He surrounded the city by walls with towers. After the king being killed, royal cuneiform texts were found. These were of the most magnificent texts made of the most precious metals like gold, silver, and copper. Seals were found, such as the one of King Tukulti-Ninurta. This King ornamented the walls of the city with plant and animal plaster decorations in various colors. Many potteries and a number of common people graves were found. The city was greatly described by the aforementioned King; it was built in a strategic location on the trade caravans'' routes, making its location a well-known mentioned one by travellers who visited it overland by donkeys, mules and camels and through the Tigris River by boats and rafts. The city continued to draw attentions as excavators, including Germans, came to it for excavation, found a lot of ancient monuments, and transferred them to Berlin Museum in which they are preserved now.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {مدیـنة کـــار- توکلتی- ننـورتا فـی ضــوء نتائج التنقیبات والمصادر المسمـاریـة}, abstract_ar = {أنشأ الملک توکلتی – ننورتا الأول فی مدینتهِ المسماة کار- توکلتی- ننورتا قصورا" ومعابدا" وزقورة" وقام بإحاطة المدینة بأسوار ذات  أبراج، وعُثِرَ فیها بعد مقتلهِ على نصوص مسماریة ملکیة کانت من أروع النصوص المصنوعة من المعادن وأنفسها کالذهب والفضة والنحاس، ووجدت فیها الأختام کختم الملک توکلتی-  ننورتا، وقام هذا الملک بزخرفة جدرانها بزخارف جصیة نباتیة وحیوانیة عملت هذه الزخارف من الجص وبمختلف الألوان، کما عثر فیها على کثیر من الفخاریات وعدد من قبور العامة. ووصفت بأروع وصف من قبل الملک المذکور، وبُنیت بمکان مهم وهو على طریق القوافل التجاریة مما جعل موقعها موضع ذکر من قبل الرحالة الذین زاروها عن طریق البر بواسطة الحمیر والبغال والجمال ومن خلال نهر دجلة بواسطة القوارب والأکلاک واستمرت ملفتة" للأنظار إذ قدم إلیها المنقبون ومنهم الألمان فنقبوا فیها وعثروا على الکثیر من الآثار ونقلوها إلى متحف برلین وهی محفوظة الآن هناک.}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164554.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164554_221cd51539ce3b827f0a4060be86df2b.pdf} } @article { author = {AL-Hadeedy, Khalaf}, title = {Hittite Royal Burying Ceremonies During the Second Millennium BC.}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {177-203}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164555}, abstract = {This research deals with the Hittite royal burial ceremonies during the second millennium BC. The study is based on the contents of the written and the Hittite religious beliefs that would have the need to published texts as burying was of the important traditions within bury the body of the deceased and in the case of being left without burying that was reflected negatively on the living and cause them anxiety and discomfort, as well as the lives of the deceased turn to ghosts which hurt the living people, so it was necessary to bury the dead bodies in general and the bodies of kings were being buried according to special ceremonies that continue for (14) days during which variety of rituals were conducted with several measures .}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {مراسی الدفن الملکی الحثی خلال الالف الثانی ق. م.}, abstract_ar = {}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164555.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164555_ec83e025d3db0c508506837477f219d0.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalil, Yasir}, title = {Unpublished Rental Contracts Form the Ear of Babylon King Samso _ Ilona Form the City of Bekasi}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {204-218}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164556}, abstract = {This article deals with four Old Babyloian cuneiform texts unearthed at Tell Abu_Enteek ( ancient Pekasi ) during the Iraqi Expedition carried out on the last few years. These texts dated to the reign of Samsi _ Iluna son of Hammurabi,  king of Babylon  ( 1749_ 1712 B.C ) .Now in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. }, keywords = {}, title_ar = {عقود ایجار غیر منشورة من عهد الملک البابلی سمسو _ ایلونا من مدینة بیکاسی}, abstract_ar = {البحث  هو دراسة لأربعة نصوص من عقود الإیجار التی اکتشفت عنها تنقیبات الهیئة العامة للاثار والتراث فی تل أبو عنتیک ( مدینة بیکاسی  ) فی موسمها للسنوات ١٩٩٩_٢٠٠٢ ، ٢٠٠٧ . والرقم الطینیة هذه ومعها المجموعة المکتشفة فی هذا التل محفوظة فی المتحف العراقی ببغداد ، فإنها تعود إلى زمن الملک سمسو _ایلونا ( ١٧٤٩_١٧١٢ ) ابن الملک حمورابی،  وتحمل فی مضامینها عقود إیجار لأموال غیر منقولة،  وتحدیدا إیجار حقول کما فی النصین الأول والثانی، وإیجاد بیوت فی النصین الثالث والرابع}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164556.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164556_2c054939277b33bdc77b42eae6a9078f.pdf} } @article { author = {AL-Rawi, Hala}, title = {Realistic Dimension in the Embodiment of King Hammurabi’s Shape on Sculptures}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {219-233}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164557}, abstract = {The research focuses on the analysis of the shape of the king Hammurabi (1792-1750BC);linking the artistic aspect with the scientific one which is documented by modern theories and the accuracy of the artist at the time to bring into view the technical details for implementing the two specimens which have been selected to be studied and analyzed due to the lack of the discovered art models belong to the king himself, as well as giving his works of art their right entitlement with in contemporary studies knowing that he had represented one of the most important figures that have had an influential role in Iraqi history in general and the ancient Babylonian history in particular.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {البعد الواقعی فی تجسید هیئة الملک البابلی حمورابی على منحوتاته}, abstract_ar = {}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164557.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164557_27fa9d40d5215aa5d7130da1d8b9b645.pdf} } @article { author = {Sabry, Rawnaq}, title = {The phenomenon of substitution in the Akkadian and Arabic languages - a comparative study}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {234-263}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164558}, abstract = {Substitution is a change of  consonant by another one for sound purposes for internal and external factors . The substitution occurs  the previous or subsequent sounds as a result of the impact of the strongest voice whether the subsequent sound is a pronoun conscience or  othe affix. Consequently,some of the sounds near the lettres and this will lead to dropping some of the sounds. If the word  contains   two  stressed. consonnants  one of them will be substituted with weak one from the same category. There are also some sounds which have no difference in use such as ( k,q,d and t)  both readings are correct. The letter (N)  is one of the weak consonants in Akkadian. Therefore, the letter ( N) in initial,medial and final positions of the root is substituted and replaced  by the stress.This letter is omitted when preceeding two doubled unstressed letters in the form  -tan- .It is the opposite of the letter  (r) which is one of the strong letters in Akkadian. For this reason, it is very rare to find  some cases in which the letter (r) is changed into  another letter  in different dialects  apart from the Old Babylonian with the assimilation of (r) in all Akkadian dialects  with the following letter.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {ظاهرة الابدال فی اللغتین الاکدیة والعربیة _ دراسة مقارنة}, abstract_ar = {تبقى اللغة الأکدیة منهلاً للدارسین ینهلون منها ، کلٌّ حسب مشربه وثقافته وقدرته البحثیة ، ونحن فی بحثنا هذا سنتناول ظاهرة من الظواهر اللغویة التی لم تتسم بها اللغة الأکدیة فحسب ، بل اللغات العاربة کافة ، ألا وهی ظاهرة الإبدال ، محاولین تسلیط الضوء على أهم جوانب هذه الظاهرة من خلال مقارنتها بما ورد فی اللغة العربیة ، والله نسأل أن یوفقنا فی مقصدنا هذا .}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164558.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164558_3db2bf94a8e9be717d5de63a1fdfd33c.pdf} } @article { author = {Al-Memary, Mahmood}, title = {An Unpublished Old Akkadian Text of a New Governor of Umma}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {264-283}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164560}, abstract = {This unpublished text is under number (IM. 204243) its measurements (10.8 x 9.5 x 2.5 cm). It is one of the holdings which reached the Iraqi Museum through confiscation. It is considered as one of the most important administrative texts of grain records belonging to the city of Umma during the reign of ŠUL Governor in the Akkadian period (2371- 2230 BC.). What gives this text its extreme importance is that it is considered as the first cuneiform text discovered belonging to this ruler who had achieved a highly balanced accounting of the city of Umma in the field of administrative building (house of the scepter) (É . GIDRU) which is the centre of local government of the city. Large quantities of grain crops which came from the territory of the city were recorded in the text, which was under the supervision of the chief of peasants King (SAG. APIN. NA LUGAL. KE4. NE) charged of its administration from the Akkadian King and they have delivered grain crops to the stores city Umma.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {نص أکدی قدیم غیر منشور لحاکم جدید وماأمن مدینة}, abstract_ar = {      یحمل النص غیر المنشور الرقم (IM. 204243) وقیاساته (10.8 x 9.5 x 2.5 سم)، وهو یعدّ أحد المقتنیات التی وصلت الى المتحف العراقی عن طریق المصادرة. مفخور بصورة جیدة، وذو شکل مستطیل مسطح الوجه ومحدب القفا والجوانب، فیه بعض الکسور البسیطة فی الزوایا والحافة السفلى. دوّن باللغة السومریة وبخط مسماری إمتاز بالدقة والجمالیة. وقسم النص الى ستة حقول فی کل من الوجه والقفا.     یعدّ هذا النص من النصوص الإداریة المهمة الخاصة بسجلات الحبوب العائدة الى مدینة أوما ولزمن الحاکم شولŠUL  حاکم مدینة أوما أثناء العصر الاکدی (2371–2230 ق.م). ومما یزید من أهمیة هذا النص کونه أول نص مسماری مکتشف یعود لهذ الحاکم الذی قام بإجراء الحسابات المتوازنة لمدینة أوما فی البناء الإداری (بیت الصولجان)(É . GIDRU) الذی یعد مرکز الإدارة المحلیة لهذه المدینة. سُجلت فی النص کمیات کبیرة من محاصیل الحبوب التی جاءت من أراضی تلک المدینة، التی کانت تحت إشراف رؤساء فلاحی الملک (SAG . APIN . NA  LUGAL . KE4 . NE) الموکلین بإدارتها من الملک الاکدی، وقد قاموا بتسلیم محاصیل الحبوب الى أحد مخازن(1) مدینة أوما.}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164560.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164560_efcc492626e3cb87cae39a34b628795f.pdf} } @article { author = {Fadhil, Ahmed}, title = {The indication of the Implications of Date Formula from Old Babylonian Period}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {284-313}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164561}, abstract = {Date formula or as it is known as the dates of years according to the events is one of the most important subjects in the cuneiform texts. It became one of the most prominent historical corpus kept by the ancient Iraqis for us, and they explained the events in detail to be This study came to highlight the .successful beginning of the calendar significance of the acts listed in the contents of the Date Formula from the ancient Babylonian period(1595 - 2004 BC) as a model. These deeds were the most prominent source that showed the reality of events in detail. This came to illustrate what is full of confusion or ambiguity in the interpretation and sometimes inaccuracies in the translation because the significance of the concept of the language means the study of the meaning by explanation and interpretation also by the study of lexical meaning comparing it with what is stated in the dictionary. The present research is divided into three parts based on the diversity of the contents of historical Date formula based mainly on significance of the actions. The first part includes the political events like crowning the kings or political marriage or the death of one of the kings or the legislation and the reforms in the country. Or it deals also with the military campaigns like the destruction of cities as well as wars and battles and fighting the enemy armies. The second part is confined to the religious events like the inauguration of priests and priestesses in the temples, as well as what is related to ceremonial religious events such as establishing statues of the goddess and the Kings. Finally, the last part concentrates on construction irrigation projects, such as digging canals or the agrarian reform , and building the temples the fences, gates and small industries related to decorate temples.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {داللة األفعال فی مضامین الصیغ التاریخیة من العصر البابمی القدیم}, abstract_ar = {}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164561.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164561_79c292bdec51ee384379121fdad5df3f.pdf} } @article { author = {Al-Najary, Ghassan}, title = {Originality and effect in the art of plant ornamentation between Iraq and ancient Egypt. - comparative study-}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {314-330}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164562}, abstract = {Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilization inhabited by humans since ancient ages People there learned all kinds of acknowledge among which various works of arts. They acquired good experience in ornamentation especially those concerned with trees and plants. The geographic isolation of Egypt, on the other hand, did not prevent it from being in contact with other civilization of the ancient. Near East. The relationship with ancient Mesopotamia was much more effective. Egypt was affected at that period by ancient Iraqi civilization, and Egyptians could not find any problem to lend and use it. Who looks at the ornamentations could find and feel the Iraqi and Egyptians artists’ elements of plants and trees of which the surrounding nature is rich of. They applied the elements of their artistic works. it is well known that nature is rich of plants as there are different flowers, fruits, herbs and trees. Therefore, this environment became an inspiration for both Iraqi and Egyptian artists. The discovered artistic sights are the basic source of our information for studying the subject of plants ornaments. it shows their features and effects according to the development especially the subjects of originality and effect in the art of plant ornamentation in both ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {الأصالة والتأثیر فی فن الزخرفة النباتیة بین العراق ومصر القدیمة دراسة لنماذج منتخبة}, abstract_ar = {      تعد بلاد الرافدین مهد الحضارة الناضجة ، سکنها الانسان منذ أقدم العصور ، وتعلم فی أرجائها معارفه ومنها تنفیذه الأعمال الفنیة المتنوعة ، فأکتسب خبرات واضحة فی مجال الزخرفة ولا سیما زخرفة الاشجار والنباتات . أما مصر فلم تمنعها عزلتها الجغرافیة عن الاتصال مع غیرها من حضارات الشرق الأدنى القدیم ، وکانت تلک الصلات مع العراق القدیم أقوى وأکثر تأثیرًا ، فقد تأثرت فی هذه المرحلة بکثیر من المظاهر الحضاریة العراقیة القدیمة التی لم یجد المصریون غضاضة فی استعارتها واستخدامها . فإن الناظر فی المشاهد الزخرفیة یرى استلهام الفنان العراقی والمصری النباتات والاشجار التی تزخر بها الطبیعة المحیطة به وعمل على تنفیذها من خلال تطبیقها على اعماله الفنیة . ومن المعروف أن بلاد الرافدین ومصر القدیمة کانت مفعمة بالحیاة النباتیة وکذلک تتمیز بتنوع أشکال الزهور والثمار والسنابل والاعشاب والاشجار بثمارها وألوانها . لذا أصبحت هذه البیئة آنذاک مجالًا رحبًا لتأثر الفنان بها فی کلا البلدین( مصر والعراق ) . إن المشاهد الفنیة المکتشفة تعد مصدرًا رئیسیًا لمعلوماتنا فی دراسة موضوع الزخارف النباتیة وبیان خصائصها واتجاهاتها وتأثیراتها تبعًا للتطورات الحاصلة فیها ولاسیما موضوع الأصالة والتأثیر فی فن الزخرفة النباتیة بین العراق ومصر القدیمة ( دراسة لنماذج منتخبة ) .}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164562.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164562_5aa2f34e68b0914996e9b677a4550b15.pdf} } @article { author = {Agha, Abdullah}, title = {The Story(Miracle) of Prophet Yona. Analytic Study And modern vision in its places and time and its accident}, journal = {Athar Alrafedain}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {331-344}, year = {2018}, publisher = {College of Archaeology / University of Mosul}, issn = {2304-103X}, eissn = {2664-2794}, doi = {10.33899/athar.1970.164563}, abstract = {        The recent study aims at giving a new thought about Prophet Yona”s miracle Which we likely believe that is took place in Old Assyria (nowadays “Mosul).The study also tries to prove certain aspects of that miracles that contradict to others common ideas which say that the event happened in far seas and deep oceans according to some global myths}, keywords = {}, title_ar = {قصة(معجزة) النبی یونس(علیه السلام) دراسة تحلیلیة ورؤیة عصریة فی اماکن وزمن ومسار احداثها؟!}, abstract_ar = {     هذا معتقد معاصر حول معجزة النبی یونس(علیه السلام) والتی نعتقد أنها حصلت او حدثت فی اشور القدیمة والتی هی محافظة الموصل لأنهُ ولعدة اسباب نقدمها عکس الافکار العامة الاخرى والتی تقول أنها حدثت فی بحار بعیدة ومحیطات عمیقة وذلک فی الروایات العالمیة والمعتقدات الدینیة  وتحلیلی یثبت أن احداث القصة قد حدثت بین نینوى العاصمة الاشوریة الشهیرة الواقعة على نهر دجلة وقرب الزابین حیثُ یصبان فی دجلة وأنهُ قد صعدَ الى السفینة النهریة القدیمة والتی تسمى (الکلک او الرمث)ومنهُ القی فی الماء وبواسطة السمکة العظیمة او (الحوت) الذی أبتلعهُ  وصعدَ به الى بلط (بلد-اسکی موصل) حیثُ قذفهُ على الیابسة لجانب نهر دجلة الغربی کما سمعَ الجمیع من الروایات العدیدة}, keywords_ar = {}, url = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164563.html}, eprint = {https://athar.mosuljournals.com/article_164563_c1195d561d9c2aa750931b048969af93.pdf} }