Athar Alrafedain

Proverbs of animals are the largest collection of Sumerian proverbs recorded so far, as we do not find an analogue of them in the Akkadian language. The Sumerian scribe likened the qualities possessed by animals to human qualities such as sincerity, loyalty, honesty, mercy and courage, as well as disgraceful qualities such as treachery, betrayal, arrogance, boldness and gluttony, cruelty and applied them on animals believed to have such qualities to avoid confronting them and to prevent their evil. Proverbs mentioned a number of animals and focused on recording wild animals such as lion, fox, deer, bear, moose and others. As for domesticated animals such as dogs and cattle of all kinds and the rest of the animals which he domesticated and relied on in his daily life at that time. As for birds, a number of them were mentioned, such as crows and owls, and insects including locusts and flies were mentioned in some proverbs.

The research focused on the study of the history of Assyria for only seven years of its long history, specifically during the years of the reign of King Tawaklti-Nanurta (II) extending from the year 890 until the year 884 BC. Recording the achievements made during the years of his rule inside and outside Assyria in a systematic and scientific manner that is indisputable, especially when compared with the method used today in writing history. In his texts, the Assyrian king chronicled the place and time of the event by day, month and year, so he preserved his architectural and political achievements, in addition to preserving the legacy of his predecessors who preceded him on the Assyrian crown.

The editions of cylinder seals on the cuneiform texts discovered in various cities of ancient Iraq provided us with valuable information about


the nature of the jobs that existed in ancient Iraq, especially the era of Ur III (2112-2004) BC, which witnessed the return of the Sumerian peoples to rule after being excluded from it for a period of more than  Two hundred years ago, and with the return of the Sumerians to rule, specialization in jobs appeared and the administrative hierarchy was given great importance.  Editions of the seals of the ruler's Adequate information on how the cuneiform text inscribed on the surface of the seal was formulated and its location in the overall view of the seal, as well as the preamble for the rulers that distinguished their functions from the rest of the functions based on the information contained therein.

The poetic image is considered the backbone of poetry and as the structure of the poem. The Mesopotamian poets depended on it to present their ideas and emotions. It can represent the form that shows the poet or artist's geniality and experience is manifested, and the tool for conveying ideas to the recipient in an effective way, and because the image is the essence of poetry, the poet writes his entity with it, though, depiction, expression, and language, to create for us a meaning within the meaning, so its importance appeared among poets in terms of Dimensions of the poem, its structure, composition and linking it with the other parts of the poem to clarify the idea to be demonstrated.
Literary texts left to us by Mesopotamian writers indicate that their civilization was not only footprints on the sands of time, but rather it is the heritage of the written word that is still the essence of humanity and its thought. How did he translate and convey his feelings that he was feeling as well as the thoughts that he had through the five senses (hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch), which were the basis for the first image to be described as traditional at first, but it evolved to reach advanced stages of speech and logic, so With the presence of these senses, we got to know the natural environment with its mountains, plains, marshes, deserts and all the animals that lived in them, in addition to the religious environment that was permeated in the psyche of that person and that left its prominent impact on the composition of his personality, as religious rituals and worship were directly linked to human activities. As for the social environment that the cuneiform texts showed us, it seems that the Sumerian society was a mythical society that believed in superstition and supernatural powers. People who were keen on their commitment to the customs and traditions that they brought by taking pride in the heroism of ancestors and writers, to inherit this social fabric a literature that is less than its counterpart in the ancient world due to the influence of the island peoples by Sumerian and vice versa towards legends, epics, lamentations, spinning, prayer, supplications, hymns, etc.

The Archaeological excavations carried out by State Board of Antiquities and Heritage at the site of Tal Maskan, the first season in the summer of September 2008 AD, which was included in the list of sites that have been subjected to abuse for decades and are still, resulted in various archaeological collections in terms of cultural value. The most abundant in number, the richness of its technical subjects, and its service purposes, and it varied according to its misfortune after unveiling it among the rubble of the four points identified by the mission, as well as the preliminary data of previous investigations from the staff of the General Authority for Antiquities on the surface of the hill site in 1972, which Indicated broken pottery as well as mounds of ashes; This was confirmed by the results of the excavations of the first season 2008 AD within the sounding points in the depths of the first and second layers.

The phenomenon of metathesis in the sounds of most of the languages of the world prompted us to search for this topic in the Akkadian language, and compare it with the Arabic language to bring it closer and facilitate its understanding for the Arab reader, because the Akkadian language is one of the dead languages, and this topic related to the sounds and its heart is difficult to understand if it is not approximated or matched with One of the living languages, and the result was the collection of most of the words in which a spatial reversal occurred in the Akkadian and Arabic languages, and the comparison of words close to them with each other, in addition to reaching results that may be similar at times and different at other times.

The narrations of Izz al-Din Ibn al-Atheer on the battles that took place between the forces of Mosul and the Salah Al-Din  Al-Ayoubi of army of are a clear indication of the disclosure of  Ibn al-Atheer’s tendencies for the Zangids who live in their confines .and the  research dealt  with  his  narratires  that  relates to the battle of the qarun  Hama (570 AH/1174AD) and Tal al- sultan(571AH/1175AD) , the importance of the research lies in touching on the details of  Ibn Al-Atheer's  narrations and comparing them with contemporary sources of the event, some of which were from his approved sources, but he omitted or summarized some passages while Ibn Al-Atheer's accounts were an important source for those who came after him, and their influence remained in  Their texts, and at the same time it was the historians who tended to Salah Al-Din Such as Al-Emad Isfahani and Ibn Shaddad His anecdotes, had signed them responsibility to defend the positions of Salah Al-Din and legitimate Unitary, The research is divided into the first paragraphs qarun  Hama and the second Tal Al-Sultan, and each paragraph dealt with confrontation and results details.

The research aims to identify the ownership of agricultural land in India from the fourth century AH / tenth century AD to the eighth century AH / fourteenth century AD, which the researchers did not focus on, and did not give an integrated picture of it, given the importance of agriculture in India, which is the backbone of their economy, and a craft The majority of Indian society, we must learn about the types of land ownership, especially after the entry of the Muslim conquerors to India and their expansion within it, after the third AH / ninth century AD, and the change of the land ownership system, which was previously followed, and the area of ​​all fiefs of the lands of princes, pens owners and leaders The army and endowment lands, and is the ownership of the land fixed, or does it change from one period to another, knowing the reasons that lead to the withdrawal of the land, and who was working in the cultivation of agricultural land, and also learning about the tax system, its type in kind or cash, and the amount imposed on each land , according to the quality of watering the land, whether permanently or militarily, and appointing the workers who receive the levy money.

Celestial bodies have occupied human beings' thinking and become a target to examine their essence and composition. Human beings started observing their movements and tried to explain these movements and connect them with global climate change occurring around. Basically، this led man to study them and record observations. Hence، astronomy becomes a science with its own structure، scientists and students who recorded all relevant events and enriched the libraries with their original contributions.
Astronomy is an important science that is associated with human life. It organizes the temporal life in accounting days، months and years. It is also the science to which Muslim rituals such as: prayer، fasting، pilgrimages are related closely to human life، as many other rituals do. Many other religions' rituals are related with it as well. People did not only record their observations and results of their scientific studies in astronomy، but also provided them with paintings that supported the value and role of these studies. A good example is what the Ottoman school contributed in manuscripts painting; as Ottoman Sultans had a profound interest in Astronomy. They devoted great educational institutions to it as expressed in beautiful miniature paintings of Ottoman Sultans' ceremonies.
Artistic Ottoman school miniatures that we attained are many. They maintain to us different astronomical phenomena and paths.  They even depict the astronomical observatory with its scientific staff engaged in work. The paper would examine all what has been mentioned with historical evidences.

The economic texts are considered as one of the most important documents that reflect the economic condition of society, Neo-Sumerian Period  (2200-2004 B.C) is one of the most abundant regards the greatest period that provides important documents to study the economic a social conditions of that period, this research studied four unpublished cuneiform texts belong to Iraqi Museum, but their location and reference are unknown, among all of them are historical formulas, two of them date back to Šū-Suen (2037-2029 B.C), the forth king of Ur III dynasty, the other two date back to Ibbi-Suen (2028-2004 B.C)  the last king of this dynasty, the research includes three sections the first deals with the contents of the cuneiform texts, the second about transliteration, translations and vocabulary explanations of these texts, as well as making manual copies for these texts, since the origin of these texts doesn’t have determined the researcher studied the names of the months that were scribed on them and tried to determine their regions, the third section is  studying  personal names that mentioned in these texts these.

Turco-Italian excavations on the site of Taşlı Geçit Höyük, located in the Islahiye valley (South-Eastern Turkey), partially investigated a rural settlement dating to the Iron Age III (late 8^th-7^th cent. BC). The evidence from the site represents an opportunity for further insights on the impact of the Neo-Assyrian Empire on the countryside of the Northern Levant.

The 2016-2018 QADIS survey project, conducted jointly by the University of Bologna and the SBAH, has investigated the south-eastern part of the Al Qadisiyah region. This paper will focus on the Early Bronze IV (Akkadian and Post-Akkadian) pottery assemblage collected from the surface survey carried out at QD033 – Umm al-Hafriyat.